mrcog part 1 mcq&its answer

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hello , iwant from you to answer these question if you can please
1.Which of the following will be seen in a villous of the placenta :
a. syncytiotrophoblast
b. cytotrophoblast
c. yolk
d. decidual cells
e. blood vessels

2. as pregnancy progresses, the amniotic fluid :
a. become more hypotonic
b. concentration of Na will falls
c. urea concentration increases
d. LFP concentration increase
e. PH become more acidic

3. These methods of placenta transfer are appropriate for the following substances :
a. oxygen _______________ active
b. fats __________________pinocytosis
c. iron __________________active
d. co2 ___________________ passive
e. antibodies _______________ pinocytosis

pharmacology

4. morphine :
a. the major pathway for it is detoxification is by oxidation to gentisic acid
b. increase biliary tract pressure
c. is eliminated mainly in the conjugated state via glomerular filtration
d. is secreted in the bile
e. produce excitement in male and female equally it does.

5. codeine
a. is not effective in large doses for severe pain
b. large doses cause excitement
c. large dose causes narcosis
d. is strong anittusive agent
e. aspirin and codeine are a useful combination against headache

6. the hazards of induction of anesthesia by injection of thiopentone are :
a. severe hypotension
b. cessation of respiration
c. necrosis following extra vascular injection
d. bronchospasm
e. stimulation of bronchial and salivary secretions

:
7. pethidine:
a. has analgesic properties .
b.is effective for biliary colic
c.will often relieve bronchial spasm
d.has quinidine like effect on myocardium
e. may cause hypotension

8. halothane :
a. is potent anesthetic and poor analgesic
b. cause uterine relaxation
c. cause liver failure in biliary tract disease
d. does not increase the catecholamine secretion
e. cause increased blood loss in therapeutic abortion


9. the gynecoid pelvis :
a. is the second commonest type of female pelvis
b. has wider anteroposterior than transverse diameter at the pelvic prim
c. has less prominent ischial spines than android pelvis
d. has ashallow ,wide sacrosciatic notch
e. has a parallel pelvic side wall .

10. the capsule of the hip joint :
a. contain fibrous bands which convey nutrient arteries supplying neck of femur
b. is strongest anteriorly and superiorly
c.is strongest posterior-inferior
d. cover the neck of the femur completely

11. the sacroiliac joint :
a. is asynovial joint
b. its main bond is the dorsal sacroiliac ligament
c . the interossious ligament is the strongest ligament of the joint
d. has anterioposterior rotary ligament
e. movements here are impaired by pregnancy

12. which of the following statements are correct in relation to the ischial spines :
a. they lie between the greater and lesser sciatic notches
b. they mark the begging of the forward curve of the birth canal
c. they are of particular prominence in platypelloid pelvis
d. when the head at its level , they consider that head is not yet engaged .
e.the internal pudendal nerve lies in close relationship to the spines

13. the following structures pass below the piriformis muscle through the greater sciatic notch :
a. sciatic nerve
b. the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
c. the pudendal nerve
d. the nerve to the obturator externus
e. the inferior gluteal vessels

14. an ideal pelvis has :
a. a straight sacrum
b. an angle of inclination of 135
c. asubpubic angle of about 70
d. palpable sacral promontory .
e. parallel pelvic side walls




Embryology

15. chromatin negative conditions include :
a. xx
b. xo
c. xxy
d. xxx
e. xy

16.differentiation of sexual organs :
a. is primarily directed by genetic factors
b. is influenced by supra renal cortex
c. is influenced by N((0)) of primordial germ cells
d. is influenced by over ripeness of ovum at fertilization
e. is not affected by chromosomal constitution

17. male and female analogues :
a. testis correspond to ovary
b. prostatic utricle corresponds to vagina
c. ventral penis corresponds to labia majora
d. distal male urethra corresponds to female vestibule
e. penis corresponds to crus clitoridis

18. the barr body :
a. arise from the Y chromosome
b. is found in turner syndrome
c. is found in testicular feminization S
d. occurs in 10 % of normal male
e. is found near the cell membrane on microscopic examination.

19. drugs which affect the fetus in late pregnancy :
a. oxytetracycline
b. long acting sulfa
c. streptomycin
d. ampicillin
e. erythromycin

20. cytotoxic drugs :
a. antimetabolites include methotrexate 5FU, 6 mercaptopurine
b. methotrexate block folic reductase
c. alkaylating agents include thiotepa and synthetic progestins
d. cycophosamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis
e. vincristine causes peripheral neuropathy

21. the drug of choice for typhoid fever :
a. sulphadiazine
b. penicillin
c. chloramphenicol
d. tetracycline
e. neomycin

22. the following karyotypes are appropriate :
a. turners syndrome 46 XO
b. testicular feminization 47 XY
c. klinfelters syndrome 47 XXY
d. super female 46 XXX
e.down syndrome 47 trisomy 21

23. ambiguous external genitalia at birth :
a. are commonly due to congenital adrenal hypoplasia
b. are associated with drug ingestion during pregnancy
c. occurs in testicular feminization syndrome
d. occurs in true hermaphroditism
e. are commonly associated with abnormal karyotype

24. the following effective against penicillinase producing staph :
a.cloxacillin
b. carboncillin
c. ampicillin
d. phenoxy methyl penicillin
e.flagyl

25. the following items are useful for prevention of side effect of chemotherapy :
a. full body irradiation
b.folinic acid
c. scalp cooling
d. corticosteroids
e. leucocytes transfusion





26. the clotting mechanism :
a. the clotting factors may be assayed chemically
b. thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin monomer by splitting fibrinopeptides A + B
c. thrombin alters antihaemophilic factor VIII
d. thrombin is important in platelets haemostatic behavior
e. platelets accelerate the intirinsic clotting pathway by providing Ca
27.estrogen metabolism by the liver :
a. all the estrogens are inactivated by the liver
b. estrogen is 16 alpha- hydroxylated to 16 alpha hydroxytesterone
c. excretion in the bile is either in the conjugated or free form
d. in the liver cellular disease , impaired hydroxylation occur
e. urinary estrogen determination is a useful liver function test

28. cholesterol :
a. is a constituent of most cell membranes
b. is a precursor of steroid only
c. synthesis take place mainly from acetate
d. synthesis occurs in microsomes and cell supply
e. bile salts are important un the regulation of its metabolism

29. amniotic fluid contains the following protein :
a. alpha 1 globulin
b. alpha 2 globulin
c. B globulin
d. Y globulin
e. all the above

30. normal haemopoiesis requires the following elements of vitamins :
a. iron
b. folic acid
c. cyanocobaamine
d. copper
e. manganese

31. is it true that :
a. insulin promote the uptakes of glucose by muscle cells
b. glucose 6- phosphatase occurs in muscle but not in liver
c. adrenalin promotes the breakdown of hepatic glycogen
d. lactate is the end product of the aerobic metabolism of glucose
e. insulin is secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans

32. which of the following are correct :
a. DNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
b. RNA is found in the nucleus only
c. RNA is found in the cytoplasm only
d. RNA is found in the cytoplasm and nucleus
e. DNA is the chief constituent of ribosomes

33. which of the following are active process :
a. Ca ++ transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. Hcl secretion in the gastric epithelium
c. amino acid transport in the gut
d.glucose transport in the erythrocyte
e. C1/HCO exchange in erythrocytes




34. statistics :
a. the median is a value such that 50 % of the observation fall above it and 50 % below it
b. the mode describes the most frequent value
c. the standard deviation measures scatter of distribution
d. the variance measures the greatest spread
e. sequential trials allow a trial to be discontinued at the earliest moment at which a judgment can be objectively formed

35. the standard deviation of a group of observation :
a. is the square of variance of this group
b. is a measure of the scatter observation around the mean
c. has a normal Gaussian distribution
d. may be used as the basis of the calculation of X 2
e. about 91 % of observation lie within 2 standard deviation of the mean




36.radiation
a. beta rays may be +ve or –ve electrone
b. gamma rays are similar to x-ray
c.a roentgen is equal to 48 ergs/gm
d. a rad measures emitted radiation
e. a rad is equal to 100 ergs for energy/gm

37. Radiation: the following isotopes have the half lives:
a. cesium 137 - 15 years
b. cobalt 60 - 5.2 years
c. radium 226 - 158 years
d. radium 222 - 1620 years
e. strontium 90 – 25 years

38. Respiratory changes in pregnancy:
a. with increasing pressure , the ribs flare out
b. the normal 168 subcostal angle increase to +_ 103 at turn
c. the diaphragm rise by +_ 4 cm
d.the transverse diameter of the chest increase by +_ 2 cm
e. respiratory is mainly diaphragmatic in pregnancy.

39. the following respiratory functions increase in pregnancy:
a. vital capacity
b. tidal volume
c. residual volume
d. inspiratory capacity
E. minute ventilation

40. Cardiac action in pregnancy:
a. the mean COP is +_ 61/min
b. COP rises by +_1.5 L/M during 1st 10 weeks
c. COP rises by 1/3 during pregnancy
d. pulse rate rise by 1/5 during pregnancy
e. stroke volume falls during pregnancy

41. Effects of changed respiratory functions in pregnancy:
a. blood pH falls in pregnancy
b. plasma bicarbonate fall
c. plasma Na level fall
d. plasma osmolality fall
e. dyspnea is common even in absence of pathology

42. Erythrocytes & haemoglobin in pregnancy:
a. RBC fall from the average non – pregnant level of +_4.5 mill/ml to a minimum of +_3.5 mill/ml at about 30 weeks
b. the RBC count rises after 30 weeks
c. the hematocrit rises progressively to 38 weeks
d. erythrocytes tend to be more spherical in shape
e. Hb falls from 137 – 140 g/L to 110 – 120 g/L

43. Total body water:
a. may be as low as 30 % of body weight in newborn
b. is greater in male than female
c. is one half to 2/3 of body weight
d.is measured by dentrium oxide
e. is less in thin people

44. Lymphatics:
a. are characterized by their fast flow
b. are lined by endothelial cells
c. are permeable to protein
d. are scarce in cellular tissue
e. of intestine , transport and absorbed fat

45. Na reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules:
a. is under hormonal control
b. is a passive process
c. is related to K secretion
d. is accompanied by passive absorption of CL
e. increased in pregnancy .

46. Which of the following dietary component are most likely to be inadequate in human pregnancy?
a. ascorbic acid
b. vitamin E
c. Ca++
b. Nacl
e. Iron

47. Oxygen dissociation curve shifts to left with:
a. raised temp
b. raised PCO2
c. reduced PH
d. anemia
e. stored blood

48. Hyperventilation:
a. in necessarily followed by period of apnea
b. decreased H2CO3 in the plasma
c. leads to tetany
d. increased Po2 of arterial blood
e. correct pH in metabolic acidosis

49. Veins:
a. of lower limbs have no valves
b. of neck are never collapse in erect position
c. are thin walled
d. Are innervated
e. of upper limb have no valves

50. Insulin cause:
a. increase utilization of glucose by the cells
b. increase glycogen store by the liver
c. decrease the amino acids and level in blood
d. decrease protein synthesis
e. decrease fatty acids levels in the blood

51. in respiratory acidosis:
a. the blood plasma reaction is acid
b. the kidney excrete an alkaline urine
c. the plasma bicarbonate is decreased
d. the primary defect is hypoventilation
e. cause can be ventilation/perfusion imbalance

52. Toxoplasmosis:
a. the dog is the definite host
b. the parasite exist in 2 forms cyst & oocyst
c. invasion is by the cyst
d. the oocyst is also important in human infection
e. cause cervical lymphadenopathy

53. The following diseases have an incubation period less than 10 days:
a. rabies
b. filariasis
c. dengue
d. yellow fever
e. hepatic amoebiasis

54. Anaerobic bacteria:
a. include gm +ve as well as gm –ve organism
b. produce hyaluronidase
c. bacteroid fragilis is most commonly seen
d. corticosteroid therapy lessen the chance of infection
e. the anaerobic gm –ve bacilli & anaerobic coccci are the major agent in aerobic infection
55. Hepatitis B antigen:
a. consist of Hbs Ag fraction
b. consist of Hbc Ag fraction
c. is only found in the serum sufferers (2-6) weeks after evidence of transaminase activity
d. occurs in 1/10000 of Caucasian
e. may spread in faeces

56. Structure of the simpler virus:
a. in the simpler viruses , the mature virus particle is the virion
b. the protein coat is the capsid
c. the centre is a single molecule of nuclei A
d. the nucleocapsid is the nucleic acid core plus the protein coat
e. capsids are composed of repeating units of one or a small number of polypeptides .

57. the agents of first choice for the organism mentioned are :
a. N. gonorrhea : cephalothin
b. T. palladium : tetracycline
c. C. wechiu : penicillin G
d. E. coli : gentamycin
e. S. aureus : methicillin, oxacillin or norfloxacin

58. consider cell necrosis , a nucleus which shrivels and become more dense is described as:
a. karyorhexis
b. karyolysis
b. pyknosis
d. vacular degeneration
e. condensation

59. Mismatched blood transfusion may lead to:
a. haemoglobinemia
b. haemoglobiuria
c. bilirubinuria
d. polycythaemia
e. renal failure

60. The characteristic reaction to be found in a tubercle usually includes:
a. pus cells
b. siderocyte
c. foreign body giant cells
d. epithelioid cells
e. lymphocytes

61. Multinucleated giant cells are seen in man in association with:
a. cat-scratch disease
b. measles
c. rheumatic fever
d. syphilis
e. TB

65. Necrosis is an important feature of the lesion in:
a. acute anterior poliomyelitis
b. labour pneumonia
c. rheumatic fever
d. tertiary syphilis
e. viral hepatitis

66. the following are true of a normal distribution :
a. 95 % of observations lie within mean +- 1 standard deviation (SD)
b. 2.5 % of observations lie below 2 standard deviation of the mean.
c. student s t-test could be used to compare the date with those of another population which is normally distributed
d. anon-parametric test may may be used to compare the data with those of another population .
e. 99 % of observational lie within 2.6 standard errors of the mean

67. The following statements are correct:
a. the standard error of the mean (SEM) provides an index of the spread of observations around the mean
b. the standard error of the mean is calculated as the square root of variance
c. the standard deviation is generally smaller than the standard error of the mean
d. the standard deviation is an index of the reliability of the mean
e. one advantage of the standard deviation is that it could be manipulated mathematically

68. Hyperpigmenation can occur in pregnancy in the following sites:
a. nipples and areolae
b. umbilicus
c. axillae
d. perineum
e. face
69. Alkalinization of the urine will enhance the excretion of:
a. phencyclidine
b. amiphetamine
c. phenobarbitone
d. aspirin
e. imipramine

70. Which of the following drugs may be administered orally with tetracycline?
a. magnesium trisilicate
b. aluminum hydroxide
c. salicylates
d. indomethacin
e. ferrous sulphate
71. Cell cycle specific antineuplastic agents act during following diseases:
a. DNA synthesis
b. transcription
c. function of the mitotic spindle
d. predna synthetic phase
e. G0 phase

72. Normal amniotic fluid contains:
a. glucose
b. fructose
c. lactose
d. lactic acid
e. citric acid

73. Concerning the physiology of amniotic fluid:
a. at term , it consist only of fetal urine
b. is removed mainly by fetal swallowing
c. is maximum at term
d. 400 – 500 ml are produced /24hrs
e. 5 ml/kg/hr is produced by a term fetus

74. which of the following separate maternal and fetal blood in human placenta :
a. trophoblast
b. maternal vascular endothelium
c. fetal vascular endothelium
d. maternal connective tissue
e. fetal connective tissue

75. Tinea capitis:
a. is very common in adult
b. can be caused by epidermophyton floccosum
c. can be easy treated topically
d. is common in children than adult
e. can occur in an epidemic

76. Hepatitis A is commonly transmitted by:
a. shared needles of drug users
b. faecal oral transfer
c. airborne respiratory droplets
d. blood transfusion
e. insect vectors


77. Human papilloma viruses:
a. are typed by DNA hyperdization
b. are associated with condylomata acuminate
c. rarely cause infection in sexually active men
d. are associated with cervical cancer
e. should be subtyped for identification

78. digestive function in a healthy adult involves :
a. decreased production of saliva following parasympathetic activity
b. voluntary oesophageal contraction
c. release of gastrin from the antral portion of the stomach
d. delayed gastric emptying after a fatty meal
e. increased pepsin secretion with vagal stimulation

79. Monocytes in peripheral blood :
a. are less common than eosinophil granulocytes
b. are more common than basophil granulocytes
c. are phagocytic .
d. may migrate into tissues
e. are decreased in pregnancy

80. when blood vessel is injured :
a. factor XII is activated by collagen
b. factor VII is activated by thromboplastin
c. the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms share a common pathway following activation of factor VII
d. tissue factors are responsible for the speed of clot formation
e. the fibrin monomer first formed is soluble in plasma

81. comparing the male and female (gynaecoid ) bony pelvis :
a. the subpubic angle is greater in the female
b. in the female the diameter of the acetabulum is less than the distance between the acetabular rim and the symphysis pubis
c. the interspinous distance is greater in the female
d. the greater sciatic notch is larger in the male
e. the curvature of the sacrum is greater in the female

82. The peritoneum:
a. is lined by stratified squamous epithelium
b. has a visceral layer united firmly with underlying organs
c. has a parietal layer innervated by somatic spinal nerves
d. has venous drainage to the portal vein
e. can function as a dialyzing membrane

83. concerning the rectus sheath :
a. above the costal margin rectus abdominis lies on the costal cartilages
b. below the arcuate line the internal oblique splits to enclose rectus abdominis
c. it contains the musculo-phrenic artery
d. it is innervated by the ilio – inguinal nerve
e. pyramidalis is innervated by the subcostal nerve

84. The following drugs are effective systemically when given by mouth:
a. tetracycline hydrochloride
b. gentamicin sulphate
c. streptomycin
d. chloramphenicol
e. nifedipine

85. The administration of chloroquine phosphate may cause:
a. retinopathy
b. bleaching of the hair
c. changes in the cornea
d. deafness
e. photosensitivity

86. Calcification is associated with:
a. chronic renal failure
b. renal calculi
c. parathyroid adenoma
d. hyaline degeneration in uterine fibroids
e. secondary deposits in bone from prostatic carcinoma

87. collagen
a. is the most abundant protein in the body
b. contains hydroxyproline
c. depends in part on non-covalent bonds for its strength
d. is a component of basement membranes
e. is formed from procollagen

88. Wound healings is delayed by:
a. insulin
b. ultraviolet light
c. zinc deficiency
d. low temperature
e. glucocorticoids

89. Prostaglandins:
a. are synthesized from endoperoxides
b. have half live in the circulation of 6 hrs
c. are metabolized in the lungs
d. are synthesized in platelets
e. are synthesized by vascular endothelium

90. compare with cow milk, human milk contains more:
a. lactose
b. casein
c. sodium
d. water
e. ascorbic acid

91. The pelvic surface of the sacrum:
a. gives origin to the piriformis muscle
b. gives origin to the levator ani muscle
c. is broader in the male than in the female
d. transmit the dorsal rami of the sacral nerves
e. is in contact with the anal canal

92. Chromaffin cells:
a. are innervated by pre – ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
b. are present in the adrenal cortex
c. are derived from neuro- ectoderm
d. can decarboxylate amino acids
e. are present in celiac ganglia

93. in the fetal circulation:
a. the ductus venosus delivers blood directly into the superior vena cava
b. the umbilical artery returns blood from the placenta
c. the ductus aretriosus carries blood to the lungs
d. blood returning from the lungs is 90 % saturated with oxygen
e. blood from the inferior vena cava is largely directed through the foramen ovale



94. The following structures take part in the formation of the anterior fontanelle in the fetal skull:
a. lambdoidal suture
b. occipital suture
c. sagittal suture
d. glabella
e. frontal suture


95. The ductus venosus:
a. is part of the embryonic heart
b. is a shunt preventing blood from passing to the fetal lungs
c. gives rise to the legamentum teres
d. caries blood with a higher po2 than umbilical blood
e. is derived from the anterior cardinal vien

96. Successful lactation is:
a. maintained by estrogens
b. maintained by progesterone
c. initiated by a prolactin surge
d. maintained by human placental lactogen
e. inhibited by dopamine

97. in a woman of reproductive age, serum concentration of the following hormones exhibit a recognized pattern of diurnal variation:
a. progesterone
b. melatonin
c. cortisol
d. oestrone
e. follicle stimulating hormone

98. Serum concentration of the following increases during pregnancy:
a. sex hormone binding globulin
b. prolactin
c. total thyroxin
d. follicle stimulating hormone
e. 17 alpha – hydroxyprogesterone

99. Luteinzing hormone:
a. is required for normal corpus luteum survival
b. has a half life in the circulation of 30 hrs
c. is released in pulses
d. in the male stimulates testosterone production
e. plasma concentration are increased in post menopausal women

100. The secretion of growth hormone:
a. occurs in the hypothalamus
b. ceases when the adult stage is reached
c. is decreased during stress
d. is increased during fasting
e. is increased with exercise

101. Parathyroid hormone:
a. decrease the renal secretion of phosphate
b. increase calcium resorption in the bone
c. depresses pituitary activity
d. concentration in blood are raised when the calcium level falls
e. increases renal tubular resorption of calcium

102. Aldosterone:
a. reduce sodium resorption in the proximal convoluted tubules
b. reduces sodium absorption in the descending loop of Henle
c. increase sodium absorption in the distal convoluted tubules
d. increase potassium loss from the tubule
e. increase sodium absorption in the collecting tubule

103. The germination of tetanus spores in a wound is inhibited by :
a. tissue trauma
b. oxygen
c. injection of toxin
d. injection of toxoid
e. removal of devitalized tissue

104. cytomegalovirus :
a. is adenovirus
b. may be cultured readily in cell free media
c. is a cause of cerebral calcification
d. causes haemolytic anaemia in the neonate
e. may be transmitted in the saliva

105. hypokalaemia may be caused by :
a. bendrofluazide
b. digoxin
c. spironolactone
d. carbenoxolone


e. amiloride

106. The following are required for haemostatic clot formation:
a. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
b. platelet phospholipids
c. active conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
d. fibrin degradation product
e. antithrombin

107. Myometrial contractility:
a. is calcium dependant
b. is associated with phosphorylation of myosin light chain
c. is independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
d. is mediated by somatic nerves
e. depend on myometrial gap junctions

108. The following values fall within the normal range for the adult female bladder:
a. residual urine of 100 ml
b. voiding volume of 250 ml
c. bladder capacity of 900 ml
d. intravesical pressure rise to less than 10 cm H2O during early filling
e. maximum urine flow rate of 60 ml / second

109. in the testis:
a. maturation from spermatogonia to spermatozoa takes about 29 days
b. sertoli cells can mature into spermatids
c. leydig cells produce inhibin
d. luteinzing hormone inhibits the secretion of testosterone
e. large quantities of fructose are present in the seminal fluid

110. Function of the spleen in the healthy adult includes:
a. erythropoiesis
b. destruction of erythrocytes
c. formation of B lymphocytes
d. phagocytosis of bacteria
e. production erythropoietin




111. metronidazole :
a. is effective against giardia lamblia
b. is effective when administered by rectum
c. should not be administered intravenously
d. is usually effective against Entamoeba histolytica
e. interfere with ethanol metabolism

112. carcinoma in situ in epithelium ( intraepithelial neoplasia) is characterized by :
a. increased mitotic activity
b. loss of polarity
c. increased adhesiveness to underlying stroma
d. pyknosis
e. increased thickness of epithelium

113. the following provide conclusive evidence of pregnancy in uterine curetting :
a. deciduas compacta
b. arias-stella changes in endometrial glands
c. spiral arterioles
d. plasma cell infiltration
e. chorionic villi

114. Complications of myocardial infarction include:
a. fibrous pericarditis
b. aortic aneurysm
c. ventricular mural thrombi
d. coronary atherosclerosis
e. ventricular aneurysm

115. in the pathogenesis of thrombi :
a. prostacyclin induces platelet aggregation
b. platelets synthesized thromboxane A2
c. thromboxane A2 induces vasoconstriction
d. contact with subendothelial collagen causes platelet


116. the characteristic features of addisonian pernicious anaemia include :
a. leucocytosis
b. inheritance as an autosomal dominant trait
c. a raised corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
d. an increased incidence of gastric neoplasia
e. an increased incidence of primary hypothyroidism

117. immunodeficiency states may be associated with :
a. viral infection of T lymphocytes
b. B cell lymphomas
c. glucocorticoids administration
d. haemolytic disease of the new born
e. untreated Hodgkins lymphoma



118. concerning immunoglobulins :
a. IgG contain tow heavy chains
b. IgM is produced before IgG in the immune response
c. IgE is the principle immunoglobulin secreted by mucous membranes
d. IgA is the principle immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions
e. IgA is secreted in breast milk

119. antibodies :
a. are proteins
b. are formed in the fetus before 12 weeks of intrauterine life
c. have an average molecular weight of around 10,000 Daltons
d. of rhesus type are genetically transmitted
e. are produced by the ribosomes of plasma cells

120. the following disorders have an X linked pattern of inheritance :
a. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
b. kleinfelters syndrome
c. adrenogenital syndrome
d. haemophilia B
e. familial hypercholesterolemia

121. the following genetic disorders are inherited as autosomal recessives :
a. Duchene muscular dystrophy
b. Huntingdon’s chorea
c. tay-sachs disease
d. retinoblastoma
e. achondroplasia

122. concerning radiation physics :
a. an electron has a greater mass than a proton
b. a positron has the same charge as an electron
c. a proton has a positive charge
d. a neutron has almost the same mass as a proton
e. the hydrogen nucleus is a neutron

123. the conversion of glucose to lactic acid :
a. occur in a single enzymatic reaction
b. is the only pathway for the synthesis of ATP in the red blood cell
c. is a reversible process in skeletal muscle
d. is inhibited by high cellular concentration of ATP
e. occurs in skeletal muscle when the availability of oxygen is limited

124. normal human seminal fluid :
a. coagulates in vitro
b. conatins sucrose
c. has a pH of 5
d. may contain 15 % of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa
e. is predominantly produced within the testis

125. glucocorticoids :
a. promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis
b. suppress uptake of glucose by the muscle
c. promote protein breakdown
d. promote fat breakdown
e. increase glycolysis in adipose tissue

126. cholesterol :
a.Is essential dietary requirement
b. is present in the plasma membrane of all human cells
c. can not be synthesized by the liver
d. is transported in the circulation bound to albumin
e. is a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones .

127. fetal haemoglobin (HbF) :
a. is not formed before 20 weeks of intrauterine life
b. is more resistant than adult haemoglobin to denaturation by alkali
c. in the fetus constitutes 80-90 % of the haemoglobin at term
d. represent less than 5 % of total haemoglobin 8 weeks after birth
e. is increased in adult patients with beta thalassaemia

128. glucagon :
a. is a polypeptide hormone
b. is secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets
c. causes muscle glycogenolysis
d. has a half life of 5-10 minutes in the circulation
e. secretion is stimulated by cortisol

129. the female breast :
a. has a base which extend to the ninth rib
b. consist of up to 10 lobes
c. partially overlies the latissmus dorsi muscle
d. receives blood from the internal thoracic artery
e. is supplied in part by supraclavicular nerves

130. labia majora :
a. have a subcutaneous layer of non-striated muscle
b. have a fibro-fatty cord
c. contain the termination of the round ligament of the uterus
d. unite anteriorly forming the fourchette
e. have the openings of the greater vestibular glands on their medial surfaces .

131. the external dural (epidural) space :
a. contains the vertebral venous plexus
b. lie between pia and dura mater
c. contains no cerebrospinal fluid
d. ends at the level of the second lumbar vertebra
e. begins at the level of the first cervical vertebra

132. the following become occluded at or shortly after birth :
a. hepatic veins
b. ductus venosus
c. sinus venosus
d. ductus arteriosus
e. proximal ends of the hypogastric arteries

133. in the cell cycle :
a. DNA synthesis takes place during the M (mitosis) phase
b. RNA synthesis takes place predominantly during the S (synthesis ) phase
c. protein synthesis occurs during the G1 (pre-synthesis ) phase
d. microtubule assembly takes place during the G2 (post-synthesis ) phase
e. chromatids migrate to poles during metaphase

134. the peritoneum :
a. is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium
b. has a visceral layer united firmly with underlying organs
c. has a parietal layer innervated by somatic spinal nerves
d. has venous drainage to the portal vein
e. can function as a dialysing membrane

135. the following are clinical manifestation of infection of Coxsackie’s viruses :
a. aseptic meningitis
b. endometritis
c. epidemic myalgia
d. herpangina
e. pericarditis

136. prolactin secretion :
a. increases during sleep
b. increases during exercise
c. is increased by thyrotropin-realising hormone (TRH)
d. is decreased by dopamine
e. is increased by estrogen

137. in statistics a normal distribution :
a. has 50 % of its values on or above the mean
b. has 95 % of its values within tow standard deviations of the mean
c. has 10 % of its values below the 90th centile
d. has all its values below the third quartile
e. has 99 % of its values within three standard deviations of the mean

138. after the menopause :
a. calcium excretion decreases
b. there is a decreased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone
c. there is an increased secretion of progesterone
d. the vagina pH is increased
e. the endometrium becomes unresponsive to the action of estrogen

139. in the human female :
a. no new ova are formed after birth
b. miotic division is completed by puberty
c. prostaglandins are produced in the endometrium
d. average menstrual blood loss is about 150 ml
e. menstrual flow is maintained from the basal arteries


140. the following viruses are commonly transmitted by coitus :
a. hepatitis B virus
b. human papilloma virus
c. herpes simplex virus
d. ebstein bar virus
e. cytomegalovirus

141. therapeutic substances predominantly metabolized by the liver include :
a. gentamicin
b. frusemide
c. morphine
d. phenothiazine
e. chlorpropamide

142. the following drugs are frequently used in the treatment of the named infections :
a. co-trimoxazole __ vaginal candidiasis
b. ampicillin – tuberculosis
c. tetracycline – trachoma
d. chloramphenicol – purulent conjunctivitis
e. trimethoprim – trichomoniasis

143. concerning haemoglobin :
a. haem contain ferric iron
b. the alpha globulin chain contains more than 100 amino acids
c. the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is modified by the red blood cell concentration of 2-3 , diphosphoglycerate
d. the oxygen affinity of deoxyhaemoglobin is greater than that of haemoglobin
e. a fall in pH shifts the haemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve to the left

144. Hereditary spherocytosis:
a. is inherited as a sex linked recessive characteristic
b. is associated with a deficiency of red cell pyrineratekinase
c. is associated with decreased fragility of red cells
d. may present in the first month of life
e. is associated with splenomegaly

145. stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors :
a. does not occur with nor adrenaline
b. in the blood vessels of the skin leads to vasoconstriction
c. increases intestinal peristalsis
d. leads to contraction of erector pili muscles
e. leads to constriction of the pupil

146. epithelioid cells :
a. are transformed tissue macrophages
b. are found in Crohns disease
c. are found in granulation tissue
d. contains phagosomes (secondary lysosomes )
e. may undergo mitosis

147. in chronic infectious disease :
a. there is hyperplasia of the reticulo – endothelial system
b. specific IgG production is diminished
c. humorally mediated hypersensitivity reactions are common
d. anaemia is often of microcytic type
e. serum albumin levels are reduced

148. the following ions are predominantly extracelluar :
a. sodium
b. chloride
c. magnesium
d. phosphate
e. potassium

149. disease transmitted by insect vector :
a. trypansomiasis
b. yellow fever
c. achistosomiasis
d. leishmaniasis
e. filariasis

160. penicillin :
a. may be active against gram negative bacteria
b. interferes with normal cell wall synthesis
c. is inactivated by beta lactamase enzymes
d. is effective against resting bacterial cells
e. is contraindicated in pregnancy




1-SUCCESSFUL LACTATION IS
a-maintained by estrogen --
b-maintained by progesterone --
c-initiated by prolactin surge--
d-maintained by human placental lactogen
e-inhibited by dopamine –


2-THE RELEASE OF CATECHOLAMINES FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA INCREASES
a-during sleep—
b-when the nerves to adrenal glands are stimulated—
c-when the blood sugar rises—
d- immediately following a myocardial infarction—
e- in the presence of pheochromocytoma—T
F-DURING ACUTE HAEMORRHAGE—

3- In the pathogenesis of thrombosis
a-prostacyclin induces platelet aggregation—
b-plateletes synthesis thromboxane A2--
c-thromboxane A2 induces vasoconstriction--
d-contact with subendothelial collagen causes platelete aggregation--
e-thrombin inhibits platelete aggregation—


--4- CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE TO LACTIC ACID
a-occurs in single enzymatic reaction—
b-is the only pathway for synthesis of ATP in red blood cells—
C-is a reversible process in skeletal muscle
d- is inhibited by high cellular conc of ATP-
e-occurs in skeletal muscle when availability of oxygen is limited-

5-GLUCOCORTICOIDS
a- promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis-
b- suppress uptake of glucose by muscle-
c—promotes protein breakdown-
d—promotes fat breakdown-
e-increase glycolysis in adipose tissue-

6-Actinomycete israelii

1-Is a fungus—
2- forms yellow granules in pus –
3-is a commensal in mouth--
4- is a commensal in vagina--
5- is usually resistant to penicillin—

7-Following substances increase the serum uric acid concentration(
a-colchicine--
b-chlorothiazide--
c-allopurinol--
d-probenecid--
e-phenylbutazone—


7--THE FOLLOWING ARE INHERITED AS AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE CONDITIONS

A. tuberous sclerosis.
b-phenylketonuria--
C. ahondroplasia.--
D. sickle cell anaemia-
E. Von Giek l disease.—

8-. Genes on sex chromosomes are responsible for the inheritance of (
A. glucose-&pbosphate dehydrogenase defiency.
B. defective colour vision.—
C. hairy ear rims. –
D. homocystinuria.
E. Hurler syndrome.

9-in human a haploid no of chromosomes is found in)

a-red blood cells-
b-blastocysts-
c-primary oocytes-.
d-the first polar body-
e-spermatozoa-


10-osteoprosis is associated with
a-an increase in uncalcified bone matrix(osteoid tissue
b-prolonged oestrogen therapy—
c-a normal histological bone structure-
d-bone fracture—
e-irregularity of epiphyseal plates—


11-THE FOLLOWING HAVE an anti-emetic effect
a-hyoscine bromide—
b-morphine sulphate—
c-chlorpropamide--
d-promethazine hydrochloride—
e-perphenazine—

12CLOMIFENE CITRATE
a- is an antiandrogen—
b-does not stimulate ovulation directly—
c-can produce visual disturbances--
d-is generally prescribed throughout the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle—
e-in the treatment of anovulation increases the risk of multiple pregnancy—

13--if a distribution of results is markedly skewed to the left
a-the mean is same as 50th centile
b-the same no of values lie on either siDe of the median
c-the mode is equal to the median-
d-the students test should be used to compare this distribution with another-
e-logrithmic transformation of the results will produce a distribution close to normal-

15. when a man has hemophilia
a. 50% of his daughters would not expected to be carriers –
b. 25% of his sons expected to be carriers
c. Good medical control of blood definition reduce the risk of this condition in his children
d. His new born child is likely to require an urgent blood transfusion -
e. His sister has 50% probability of being a carrier


16- THE INTERSTITIAL CELL (LEYDIG) OF THE TESTIS
a--secrete seminal fluid—
b-are stimulated by LH –
c-secrete androgen binding protein—
d-secrete fructose –
e-produce testosterone T in response to LH --

17--CONCERNING VIRUSES
a-the core of every virus contain RNA—
b-they usually produce intracellelur toxin causing cell death

c-antibodies are directed against capsular protein—
d- they can be grown in intact cells--
e-interferone are synthetic antiviral substances—

18-THE FOLLOWING ARE CYTOTOXIC ALKYLATING AGENTS(
a-cyclophosphamide—
b-mercaptopurine--
c-chlorambucil--
d-fluorouracil--
e-methotrexate-

19-2,3 DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE
a-is present in higher conc in maternal erythrocytes than fetal erythrocytes--
b-binds more avidly to haemoglobin A than to haemoglobin E—

c-increases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen—
d-is a phospholipid
e- is synthesised by the pentose phosphate pathway


18-HYPERKALEMIA IS A CHARACTERSTIC FINDING IN TINDALL
a-primary aldosteronism
b-treatment with Spironolactone-
c-hyperparathyroidism-
d-ACTH secreting tumours of bronchus-
e-renal failure-

19- CONCERNING INHERITABLE DISEASES
A-huntigdon ,s chorea is transmitted by a dominant gene—
b-phenylketonuria is transmitted by a recessive gene—
c-haemophillia ia an autosomal dominant condition--
d- Von Willebrand disease is a sex linked condition—
e-cystic fibrosis is transmitted by an x linked recessive gene--


20-Early blood borne dissemination is a characteristic feature of:
a) carcinoma of the endometrium –
b) osteosarcoma –
c) basal cell carcinoma –
d) carcinoma of the cervix-
e) choriocarcinoma-

21- in tissue pigmentation the following are associated
a-kernicterus and conjugated billirubin
b-addison disease and increased cutaneous melanin
c-melanosis coli and bile pigments-
d—wilson disease and copper deposition in the cornea-
e-corpus leuteum and carotenoids-

22-acquired diverticular disease of the colon
a-is present in at least 15% of Caucasian over the age of 50 years-
b-is due to congenital abnormality of the bowel wall
c-is associated with increased intraluminal pressure—
d-is associated with muscular thickening—
e-may result in intestinal obstruction—

23 stored blood which is to be used for transfusion—
a-kept at -4 degree
b-must be used in 1 week –
c-is tested for compliment content before transfusion --
d-may be used for platelet replacement –
e-contains an acid anticoagulant –


24- in uncomplicated homozygous beta thalasemia there is
a-hypochromasia--
b-a reduction in haemoglobin A—
c-an increase in haemoglobin F—
d- RED CELL SICKLING
e-presence of megaloblasts in bone marrow-


32-The following are capable of cellular regeneration
a)spinal cord
b)liver parenchyma –
c)gut epithelium –
d)kidney ???
e)bone marrow—


33-during the development of female reproductive system
a-primordial germ cells arise in yolk sac--
b-ovarian development is dependent upon oestrogen activity--
c-the paramesonephric duct give rise to the cervix--
d-the greater vestibular glands arise from the urogenital sinus--
e-differentiation of external genitalia is dependent upon ovarian activity--


36- IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL CORTICAL HYPERPLASIA
a-commonest deficiency is C21
b- plasma cortisol conc is raised –
c-there may be excessive secretion of 17 hydroxy progesterone--
d- sodium retension is characterstic –
e-blood catecholamine conc are increased –


37-- SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM
a- is a snail –
b- is prevalent in china—
c- infestation may affect the uterine cervix
d- give rise to chronic granulomatous lesions--
e- infestation predisposes to carcinoma—

38- KETONE BODIES
.
a-can be utilised by theadult brain—.
B-Include acetone -
c-are water soluble --
d- are synthesised in skeletal muscles—
e-can be utilised during starvation—


39-IRON IONS
a-diffuse passively into erythropoitic cells-
b-bind to transferin-
c-are taken up by hepatocytes-
d- are necessary for cytochrome synthesis-
e-are absorbed predominantly by the ileum-

40-- --the conjugation of billirubin
a-takes place in hepatocytes-
b-is catalysed by UDP glucuronyl transferase-
c-is inhibited by phenobarbitone-
d-renders it water soluble-
e-is impaired in acute billiary obstruction-

41- in radiotherapy(

a-1Gray is eq to 1joule per kg
b- the skin usually recieve a greater dose of radiation than underlying tissue-
c-the major effect of radiation energy is to damage the cytoplasm of the cell-
d-cells in tissue which are hypoxic are more vulnerable to radiation-
e-radiation induced changes in tissues may take 6 weeks to develop-


-42--osteomalacia is characterised by
a-mineralization of the periostium –
b-deposition of uncalcifiedbone matrix --
c-normal osteobastic activity --
d-increase capillary fragility -
e-normal calcification of bone—


43-progesterone
a-is a C21 compound
b-synthesised by the ovary before ovulation-
c-increases ventilation-
d- raises BMR-
e-binds to corticotrophin –binding globulin-

44-EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR
A- is mitogenic-.
b- synthesis is stimulated by oestradiol-
c-is a steroid molecule-F ...
d- is found in endometrium--
e- binds to receptor on the nuclear membrane-


45-the following are structural aberrations of chromosomes:
a. deletions --
b. inversions—
c. aneuploidy –
d. . polyploidy-
e translocations—

46-- Messenger RNA
a-Synthesis is dependent on RNA polymerase –
b-is an exact copy of sense DNA—
c-Contains exons –
d-Is measured by Western blotting –
e-translation occurs in the nucleus


47-- BETA SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS MAY—
A- caue bronchospasm—
b-reduce frequency of uterine contraction—
c-cause heart block—
d-reduce diastolic blood pressure—

e- increase blood glucose conc

48- The following statistical statements are correct-
a-in the normal distribution,the value of mode is 1.73 times the median –b-in a distribution skew to the right,the mean lies to the left of median-
c-in the series- 2;7;5;2;3;2;5;8, the mode is 2 -
d-student’s ‘t’ test is designed to correct for skew distribution –
e-the chi squared testmay be used when data are not normally distributed--

50-Contraindicated in breast feeding—

A-POPs
B-Bromocriptine-
C-chloroqunine-
d-??
e-warfarine—F

51-Contraindicated with kidney impairment
A-Dopamine -
B-Gentamycine –
C-Cephahexin
D-Cis platin

52- the following are characters of hypoxic cell death:

A-Apoptosis… --
B-Phagocytosis—…
C-Pyknosis… --
D-Poikilocytosis…
E-Release of phospholipids—

52- the following are characters of hypoxic cell death:

A-Apoptosis… --
B-endocytosis
C-Pyknosis… --
D-Poikilocytosis…
E-koliosytosis

prostagladins-
a-lipooxygenase pathway
b-thromboxane causes vasoconstriction
c-increased in the myometruim
d-?
e-?

linear regression:
a-starts from the origin
b-passes thru the mean-
c-values vary
d-ranking is done???

following test r used to compare 2 drugs a and b
a-student t test
b-meta analysis
c-wiloxone paired test
withney u paired test
e?

toxic shock syndrome
associated with the use of tampoons
b-due to toxigenic starinsof strep
c-infrequently reported outside n america
d-a consequence of previous antibioitic therapy
e-confined to seualy active women

the following can regenerate
a-kidneyepitheluim?
b-pheriheral axons-
c-liver parenchyme
d-bone marrow
e-bone

radiation sensitive
a-bone
b-bone marrow
c-epith of gut
d-skin
e-?

Mycobacteruim
a- are alchochol acid fast
b-does not form spores
c-d-a facultative anaerobes
d-responsible for leprosy
e-pathogenic inhumans all strains

the germination of tetanus spores in a wound is inhibited by

a-tissue trauma
b-oxygen
c-inject of toxoid
d-injection of antitoxin
e-removal of devitalised tissue

Aldosterone
a-reduces Na resorption in PCT
b-reduces Na absorption in descen loop of henle
c-Increase Na absortion in DCT
Increase K loss from the tubule
e increases Na absortion in collecting tubules

the following r conclusive evidence of pregnancy in uterine cureetings???? can, t remmber
a-decidua compacta-
b-Arias -stella changes in endometrail glad-
c-spiral arterioles
d-plasma cell infiltration
e chorionic villi

White cell migration from the bld vessels in areas of inflammation involves--- march 1997/2 21
a-call migration between the endothelial cells
b-a pssive loss of fluid bld elements
c-cell migration independeant of endothelial cell motion
d-initail emigration of polymorhs neutrophils
e-more polymorphs than monocytes after 2 day=

the vulva is supplied by
a-ant cutaneu erve of the thigh
b-femoral br/o genito femoral nerve
c-?
d?
e?

glucocorticoids
a-promote hepatic gluconeogenesis
b-suppress uptake of glucose by muscles
c-promote protein break down
d-promote fat reakdown
e-increase glycolysis

halothane(refer sept 1997)42
a-cardic arrythmias
b-explosive mixtures with air
c-liver damage


53- U/S:

A-Pulstile
B-Increase body temp 1 degree after 15 min scanning..
C-High frequency penetrates deeper TISSUE,-
D-Can distinguish between 2 points closer than 0.5 mm
E-Best echoes are produded by beam at right angle to the structures.

54-Disinfectant solutions may become contaminated with:
1-Enterobacter species –
2-Streptococcus species -
3-Escherichia coli -
4-Pseudomonas aeruginosa -
5-Staphyloccus pyogenes-


55-Nitric oxide
a) is synthesised in the endothelium –
b) has a short half life --
c) causes smooth muscle contraction
d) increases during pregnancy -
e) combines with oxygen to produce L-arginine—